Document Type
Article
Publication Title
Cureus
Abstract
Background: As COVID-19 continues to affect millions of people around the world, it has become vital to understand how comorbidities such as diabetes affect the health outcomes of these patients. While earlier studies have focused on major metropolitan areas, rural settings have been comparatively understudied. The goal of this study is to understand the effect on mortality that these two diseases have in the inpatient setting of a rural population.
Methods: The electronic medical records of all adult patients admitted to Freeman Health System, Joplin, Missouri, United States, between April 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021, were reviewed for the presence of COVID-19 infection and/or diabetes (type I and type II). Freeman Health is a major health system headquartered in Southwest Missouri. Diagnoses were obtained through the use of standard International Classification of Disease, 10th edition (ICD-10) codes. The initial data set consisted of 19,323 admissions. After excluding duplicate admissions and those who had already been infected with COVID-19, 1,729 patients with COVID-19, 172 patients with type I diabetes, and 3,992 patients with type II diabetes were included in the analysis of inpatient all-cause mortality. We hypothesized that patients with type I and type II diabetes would both show an increased risk of all-cause mortality. Mortality in the context of our study results refers to all-cause mortality.
Results: The all-cause mortality rate was 19.94% (137/687, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 16.95%22.93%) in patients admitted with both diabetes (the combined type I and type II subsets) and COVID-19 (P1). The mortality rate was 16.03% (167/1042, with 95% CI of 13.80%-18.25%) in patients admitted with COVID-19 who did not have diabetes (P2). Patients admitted with a comorbid diagnosis of diabetes but without COVID-19 (P5) had a much lower mortality rate of 5.98% (249/4164, with a 95% CI of 5.26%-6.70%). The combination of both COVID-19 and diabetes together was associated with a higher mortality rate than either of the two separately. The mortality rate was additionally elevated in patients with both type II diabetes and COVID-19 (P4) (134/663, mortality rate of 20.21% with 95% CI of 17.15%-23.27%) versus those with COVID-19 without diabetes (P2) (167/1042, 16.03% with 95% CI of 13.80%-18.25%), an overall difference of 4.18% (95% CI of 0.40%-7.94%). The subset of patients with type I diabetes with COVID-19 (P3) and type I diabetes without COVID-19 (P6) were too small to accurately power individual analysis. The subset of patients with diabetes (type I and type II) and without COVID-19 (P5) had the lowest mortality rate of any subset adequately powered for analysis at 5.98% (249/41464, CI of 5.26%-6.70%).
Conclusions: The results of this study show that type II diabetes is a significant risk factor for mortality in admitted COVID-19 patients. P4 had the highest overall mortality of any subset studied. The study was underpowered to show if type I diabetes patients, with and without COVID-19, had an increased mortality when analyzed separately. COVID-19 significantly increased mortality in all subsets adequately powered for full analysis.
DOI
10.7759/cureus.54249
Publication Date
2-15-2024
Keywords
diabetes mellitus type 1, diabetes mellitus type 2, mortality, rural population, diabetes, COVID-19
ISSN
2168-8184
Recommended Citation
Wiant T, Schmidt L, Srikakolapu S, Beyersdorfer N, Akhtar M, Johnson K, Stahl G, Goade DS, Arnce R. Diabetes and COVID-19 Outcomes: An Analysis of Freeman Health System Patients. Cureus. 2024; 16(2). doi: 10.7759/cureus.54249.
